First tournament with promotion to the Second Division. All the teams were located in Buenos Aires or Greater Buenos Aires (suburban towns). 14 teams divided into two groups. Winners of each group played for the promotion. No teams relegated because there was no fourth level until 1950. Final Tables: Zona "A" Acassuso 20 [San Isidro] Florida 18 [Florida] Boulogne 11 [Boulogne] Central Argentino 11 [Villa Ballester] Justo José de Urquiza 11 [Caseros] Sportivo Palermo 10 [Buenos Aires] Bella Vista 5 [Bella Vista] Note: Points played: 84. Points in table: 86. Error unknown. Zona "B" Los Andes 22 [Lomas de Zamora] Progresista 14 [Piñeiro, Avellaneda] Marplatense 11 [Lanús] Estrella Blanca 10 [Lanús] Ramsar S.C. 10 [Ramos Mejía] El Progreso 10 [Lanús] Huracán de San Justo 7 [San Justo] Acassuso won the championship after three playoff matches against Los Andes. Champions: Acassuso (promoted to Segunda División)
Mitre were admitted to the League this season. Final Table: Los Andes 28 Sportivo Palermo 25 Sportivo Alsina 23 Central Argentino 19 Justo José de Urquiza 17 Boulogne 15 Marplatense 14 Mitre 13 [Buenos Aires] Nueva Chicago 13 Bella Vista 12 Florida 12 Ramsar S.C. 12 El Progreso 10 Progresista 10 Estrella Blanca 7 Champions: Los Andes (promoted to Segunda División) Mitre, Florida, Ramsar S.C., El Progreso and Progresista left the League after this season.
Final Table: Boulogne 30 Nueva Chicago 30 Sportivo Alsina 29 Central Argentino 22 Justo José de Urquiza 16 Bella Vista 14 Marplatense 14 Sportivo Palermo 10 Huracán de San Justo 9 Estrella Blanca 6 Championship Playoff: Nueva Chicago-Boulogne 0-1/2-0/1-4 Champions: Boulogne (promoted to Segunda División)
Final Table: Nueva Chicago 32 Sportivo Alsina 25 Central Argentino 25 Bella Vista 21 Sportivo Palermo 20 Huracán de San Justo 18 Marplatense 12 Sportivo Buenos Aires 12 Estrella Blanca 9 Justo José de Urquiza 6 Champions: Nueva Chicago (promoted to Segunda División)
Liniers Sud were admitted to the League this season. Final Table: Sportivo Alsina 36 Justo José de Urquiza 33 Liniers Sud 31 [Buenos Aires] Huracán de San Justo 27 Marplatense 23 Boulogne 20 [-4] Estudiantes de Bs. As. 20 Sportivo Palermo 20 Sportivo Buenos Aires 19 Central Argentino 18 Bella Vista 11 Estrella Blanca 2 Champions: Sportivo Alsina (promoted to Segunda División) Boulogne had 4 points deducted. Sportivo Buenos Aires, Bella Vista and Estrella Blanca left the League after this season.
Final Table: Estudiantes de Bs. As. 30 Liniers Sud 30 Barracas Central 29 Central Argentino 28 Los Andes 23 Argentino de Quilmes 21 Sportivo Palermo 18 Justo José de Urquiza 14 Huracán de San Justo 12 Boulogne 10 Marplatense 5 Championship playoff: Estudiantes-Liniers Sud 2-0/2-3/4-2 Champions: Estudiantes de Buenos Aires (promoted to Segunda División) Sportivo Palermo and Marplatense left the League after this season.
San Telmo were admitted to the League this season. Final Table: El Porvenir 28 Sportivo Alsina 25 Barracas Central 24 Los Andes 22 Justo José de Urquiza 19 San Telmo 17 [Buenos Aires, *] Boulogne 15 Liniers Sud 12 Central Argentino 10 Huracán de San Justo 8 [*] field in Isla Maciel, Avellaneda Champions: El Porvenir (promoted to Segunda División) Also promoted: Los Andes
Final Table: Barracas Central 30 Argentino de Quilmes 25 San Telmo 21 Justo José de Urquiza 20 Liniers Sud 16 Central Argentino 12 Sportivo Alsina 10 Huracán de San Justo 9 Boulogne 1 Champions: Barracas Central (promoted to Segunda División) Boulogne left the League after this season
C.A. Brown, Juventud de Bernal and Porteño were admitted to the League this season. Final Table: Argentino de Quilmes 37 Colegiales 30 San Telmo 28 Central Argentino 24 C.A. Brown 24 [Adrogué] Juventud de Bernal 23 [Bernal] Justo José de Urquiza 19 Sportivo Alsina 12 Liniers Sud 11 Huracán de San Justo 8 Porteño 4 [Buenos Aires] Champions: Argentino de Quilmes (promoted to Segunda División)
Deportivo Riestra and Alumni de Urquiza were admitted to the League this season Liniers Sud changed name to Liniers. Final Table: All Boys 42 Colegiales 39 Sportivo Alsina 39 San Telmo 34 C.A. Brown 33 Central Argentino 20 Liniers 18 Juventud de Bernal 17 Deportivo Riestra 17 [Buenos Aires] Justo José de Urquiza 16 Porteño 14 Huracán de San Justo 14 Alumni de Urquiza 9 [Buenos Aires] Champions: All Boys (promoted to Segunda División) Sportivo Alsina and Alumni de Urquiza left the League after this season.
Flandria and Sportivo Palermo were readmitted to the League from this season. Final Table: Colegiales 46 Barracas Central 43 San Telmo 41 Justo José de Urquiza 30 Acassuso 29 Liniers 29 Huracán de San Justo 25 C.A. Brown 24 Central Argentino 20 Flandria 19 [Jáuregui] Juventud de Bernal 19 Porteño 15 Deportivo Riestra 15 Sportivo Palermo 9 Champions: Colegiales (promoted to Segunda División) Porteño left the League after this season.
Final Table: Barracas Central 36 Acassuso 36 Justo José de Urquiza 32 C.A. Brown 31 San Telmo 27 Juventud de Bernal 24 Liniers 16 Huracán de San Justo 16 Flandria 15 Central Argentino 13 Deportivo Riestra 11 Sportivo Palermo 7 Championship playoff: Acassuso-Barracas Central 2-3/2-2 Champions: Barracas Central (promoted to Segunda División)
Final Table: San Telmo 35 Justo José de Urquiza 35 Acassuso 27 C.A. Brown 22 Deportivo Riestra 21 Flandria 20 Juventud de Bernal 19 Sportivo Palermo 14 Central Argentino 12 Huracán de San Justo 9 Liniers 6 Championship playoff: San Telmo-JJ de Urquiza 3-1/0-0 Champions: San Telmo - not promoted Sportivo Palermo and Huracán de San Justo left the League after this season. Due to a reorganization on AFA tournaments structure, many clubs from Second Level were relegated to Third Level for the 1950 season. San Telmo, 1949 Third Level champions, were not promoted and the other Third Level clubs were all relegated to the Fourth Level, a division that was started in 1950.
In 1950 the structure of AFA tournaments was reorganised. A new Second Level named Primera B was created. Several teams which competed in Second Level in 1949 were relegated to the Third Level, now renamed Segunda División. The new Third Level was formed with the teams relegated from the Second Level in 1949, and San Telmo, 1949 Third Level Champions. Final Table: All Boys 36 Tiro Federal 33 [Rosario] Argentino 30 [Rosario] Barracas Central 29 Colegiales 28 Central Córdoba 27 [Rosario] Defensores de Belgrano 26 San Telmo 23 Excursionistas 22 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 13 Champions: All Boys (promoted to Primera B) Also promoted: Defensores de Belgrano and Excursionistas (by AFA decision) No teams relegated due to the Third and Fourth level teams playing jointly in 1951.
In this season the Third and Fourth levels were merged into only
one tournament. This merger was disbanded at the end of the season.
Sportivo Morón were admitted to the League this season.
Final Table:
Tiro Federal 48 [Rosario]
Central Córdoba 45 [Rosario]
Argentino 43 [Rosario]
Barracas Central 40
Justo José de Urquiza 36
San Telmo 35
C.A. Brown 35
Colegiales 34
Estudiantes de Bs. As. 32
Liniers 24
Deportivo Riestra 23
Juventud de Bernal 19
Central Argentino 19
Acassuso 18
Sportivo Morón 15 [Morón]
Flandria 14
Champions: Tiro Federal (promoted to Primera B)
Relegated: JJ de Urquiza, C.A. Brown, Dep. Riestra, Juventud de Bernal,
Central Argentino, Acassuso, Sp. Morón and Flandria
Final Table: Central Córdoba 34 [Rosario] Colegiales 28 El Porvenir 22 Argentino 20 [Rosario] Estudiantes de Bs. As. 18 San Telmo 18 Liniers 14 Barracas Central 14 Champions: Central Córdoba (promoted to Primera B) No teams relegated.
Final Table: Def. de Belgrano 34 Flandria 29 San Telmo 27 El Porvenir 25 Justo José de Urquiza 23 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 22 Argentino 19 [Rosario] Colegiales 18 Acassuso 18 Barracas Central 17 C.A. Brown 17 Liniers 15 Champions: Defensores de Belgrano (promoted to Primera B) No teams relegated.
Final Table: El Porvenir 36 Colegiales 31 Flandria 31 San Telmo 30 Liniers 30 C.A. Brown 26 Barracas Central 26 Argentino 25 [Rosario] Justo José de Urquiza 24 Tiro Federal 21 [Rosario] Deportivo Riestra 12 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 11 Acassuso 9 Champions: El Porvenir (promoted to Primera B) No teams relegated.
Final Table: Colegiales 42 Tiro Federal 37 [Rosario] Argentino 35 [Rosario] Los Andes 35 Liniers 33 C.A. Brown 30 San Telmo 29 Flandria 29 Justo José de Urquiza 28 Sacachispas 27 Barracas Central 25 C.A. Arsenal 24 Deportivo Riestra 23 Acassuso 16 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 7 Champions: Colegiales (promoted to Primera B) No teams relegated.
Final Table: San Telmo 49 Los Andes 45 Tiro Federal 40 [Rosario] Barracas Central 37 Flandria 34 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 33 Defens. de Belgrano 32 Liniers 28 Sacachispas 27 [-4] Justo José de Urquiza 26 Acassuso 26 C.A. Brown 22 Deportivo Morón 21 Deportivo Riestra 20 C.A. Arsenal 19 Argentino 15 [Rosario] Champions: San Telmo (promoted to Primera B) Sacachispas had 4 points deducted (reason unknown). No teams relegated.
Final Table: Los Andes 52 Defens. De Belgrano 50 Barracas Central 48 Deportivo Morón 37 Colegiales 37 Argentino 36 [Rosario] Flandria 36 C.A. Brown 32 Sacachispas 31 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 31 Tiro Federal 31 [Rosario] Almirante Brown 31 Acassuso 29 Deportivo Riestra 29 Sportivo Palermo 28 Justo José de Urquiza 24 Liniers 24 C.A. Arsenal 22 Champions: Los Andes (promoted to Primera B) Relegated: Arsenal (Llavallol) by average system
Final Table: Defens. De Belgrano 56 Argentino de Quilmes 53 Almirante Brown 47 Deportivo Morón 42 Sportivo Palermo 35 C.A. Brown 34 Deportivo Riestra 34 Barracas Central 33 Sacachispas 33 Argentino 32 [Rosario] Tiro Federal 32 [Rosario] Liniers 28 Leandro N. Alem 27 Colegiales 26 Flandria 26 Justo José de Urquiza 25 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 24 Acassuso 23 Champions: Defensores de Belgrano (promoted to Primera B). Relegated: Justo José de Urquiza (by average system). Note: Points played: 612. Points in table: 610.
Final Table: Deportivo Morón 60 Argentino de Quilmes 55 Almirante Brown 50 San Telmo 50 Argentino 39 [Rosario] Deportivo Español 37 Deportivo Riestra 34 Leandro N. Alem 33 Acassuso 33 Colegiales 32 Liniers 30 Flandria 30 C.A. Brown 28 Tiro Federal 26 [Rosario] Sacachispas 26 Barracas Central 24 Sportivo Palermo 17 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 8 Champions: Deportivo Morón (promoted to Primera B) Relegated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires (by average system)
Final Table: Deportivo Español 58 Almirante Brown 48 Def. de Cambaceres 47 Flandria 43 Argentino de Quilmes 42 Barracas Central 42 Colón 39 [Santa Fe] San Telmo 35 Leandro N. Alem 35 Colegiales 34 Liniers 33 Sacachispas 32 C.A. Brown 29 Tiro Federal 25 [Rosario] Acassuso 25 Deportivo Riestra 21 Sportivo Palermo 11 Argentino 11 [Rosario] Champions: Deportivo Español (promoted to Primera B). Relegated: Sportivo Palermo (by average system).
Final Table: San Telmo 55 Colón 52 [Santa Fe] Talleres 44 Flandria 43 Deportivo Italiano 42 (former A.C.I.A.) Barracas Central 39 Def. de Cabaceres 36 Sacachispas 35 Deportivo Riestra 34 Colegiales 34 Almirante Brown 31 Liniers 30 Argentino de Quilmes 29 Tiro Federal 28 [Rosario] C.A. Brown 28 Argentino 23 [Rosario] Leandro N. Alem 19 Acassuso 10 Champions: San Telmo (promoted to Primera B). Relegated: Acassuso (by average system). Argentino (Rosario) left the League after this season. Continued playing in the Asociación Rosarina tournaments (Rosario).
Final Table:
Deportivo Italiano 55
Villa Dálmine 46
Defens. de Belgrano 45
Leandro N. Alem 40
Defens. de Cambaceres 42
Talleres 40
Colón 39 [Santa Fe]
Almirante Brown 38
Colegiales 35
Flandria 34
Argentino de Quilmes 33
Deportivo Riestra 31
El Porvenir 31
Liniers 29
C.A. Brown 29
Barracas Central 18
Sacachispas 15
Tiro Federal 12 [*] [Rosario]
Champions: Deportivo Italiano (promoted to Primera B).
Relegated by average system: Brown (after playoff against Deportivo
Riestra), Sacachispas and Tiro Federal).
[*] Tiro Federal withdrew after 22nd round, all its remaining matches
were awarded to its opponents. After this season Tiro Federal
played only in the Asociación Rosarina tournaments (Rosario's League).
Final Table:
Villa Dálmine 52
All Boys 52
Almagro 47
Leandro N. Alem 41
Arsenal F.C. 40
Talleres 36
Almirante Brown 34
Excursionistas 34
Argentino de Quilmes 33
Defens. de Belgrano 33
Colón 32 [Santa Fe]
Def. De Cambaceres 30
El Porvenir 29
Flandria 27
Barracas Central 26
Liniers 26
Colegiales 23
Deportivo Riestra 17
Championship playoff: Villa Dálmine-All Boys 0-0/1-0
Champions: Villa Dálmine (promoted to Primera B).
Also promoted: All Boys, Almagro, Talleres, Excursionistas,
Def. de Belgrano, Colón and El Porvenir by AFA decision.
Final Table: Arsenal F.C. 56 Def. de Cambaceres 54 Almirante Brown 53 Barracas Central 39 Liniers 38 Colegiales 38 Comunicaciones 36 Leandro N. Alem 34 Deportivo Riestra 33 Justo José de Urquiza 33 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 31 Luján 28 Flandria 27 Fénix 26 Porteño AC 25 Sacachispas 24 C.A. Brown 24 Sportivo Palermo 13 Champions: Arsenal (Sarandí) (promoted to Primera B). No teams were relegated.
Final Table: Almirante Brown 54 Estudiantes de Bs. As. 50 Fénix 47 Colegiales 47 Luján 44 Liniers 44 Leandro N. Alem 40 Def. de Cambaceres 36 C.A. Arsenal 36 Flandria 33 Deportivo Riestra 32 Comunicaciones 29 Sacachispas 26 Barracas Central 25 Justo José de Urquiza 22 C.A. Brown 21 Porteño de Morón 17 Sportivo Palermo 9 Champions: Almirante Brown (promoted to Primera B). No teams were relegated.
Final Table: Estudiantes de Bs. As. 54 General Mitre 52 Liniers 48 Comunicaciones 47 Colegiales 45 Flandria 43 Fénix 36 Leandro N. Alem 36 Justo José de Urquiza 33 Def. de Cambaceres 31 Luján 29 Porteño de Morón 29 Deportivo Riestra 27 C.A. Brown 24 C.A. Arsenal 23 Barracas Central 20 Sportivo Palermo 20 Sacachispas 15 Champions: Estudiantes de Buenos Aires (promoted to Primera B). No teams were relegated.
First Stage
Final Tables:
Zona "A"
Liniers 23 To Primera B Reclassification
Flandria 23 To Primera B Reclassification
Justo José de Urquiza 22 To Primera C Promotional
Leandro N. Alem 17 To Primera C Promotional
Colegiales 16 To Primera C Promotional
Sportivo Palermo 15 To Primera C Promotional
Luján 13 To Primera C Reclassification
Porteño de Morón 9 To Primera C Reclassification
Luz y Fuerza 6 To Primera C Reclassification
Zona "B"
Comunicaciones 24 To Primera B Reclassification
C.A. Arsenal 19 To Primera B Reclassification
Def. de Cambaceres 18 To Primera C Promotional
Deportivo Riestra 15 To Primera C Promotional
Fénix 15 To Primera C Promotional
Barracas Central 11 To Primera C Promotional
Sacachispas 6 To Primera C Reclassification
C.A. Brown 4 To Primera C Reclassification
Campeonato Reclasificatorio de Primera B 1967 (Primera B Reclassification)
Tournament played by the 6 worst teams from Primera B (Second Level) and
the 4 best teams from Primera C (Third Level)
Top-5 played in Primera B in 1968.
Final Table:
All Boys [B] 24
Comunicaciones [C] (*) 23
San Telmo [B] 23
Liniers [C] 23
Nueva Chicago [B] 22
--------------------------
Talleres [B] 22
Central Córdoba [B] 17 [Rosario]
Flandria [C] 12
El Porvenir [B] 10
C.A. Arsenal [C] 4
(*) Comunicaciones gained the promotion to Primera B, but they resigned
because the club's statute did not allow that the club's teams
played in professional competitions.
Teams promoted to Primera B: Liniers.
Teams relegated to Primera C: Talleres (R. Escalada), Central Córdoba
and El Porvenir.
Campeonato Promocional de Primera C 1967 (Primera C Promotional)
This tournament did not award promotions or relegations.
Participating teams (in alphabetical order):
Barracas Central
Colegiales
Defensores de Cambaceres
Deportivo Riestra
Fénix
Justo José de Urquiza
Leandro N. Alem
Sportivo Palermo
Campeonato Reclasificatorio de Primera C 1967 (Primera C Reclassification)
Played by the worst 5 teams of First Stage. Top-2 stayed in Primera C.
Final Table:
Luz y Fuerza 11
C.A. Brown 9
--------------------------
Porteño de Morón 9
Luján 9
Sacachispas 2
Teams relegated to Primera D: Porteño de Morón, Luján and Sacachispas.
First Stage
Final Tables:
Zona "A"
Justo José de Urquiza 22 To Primera B Reclassification
Colegiales 21 To Primera B Reclassification
Central Córdoba [R] 18 To Primera C Promotional
Flandria 16 To Primera C Promotional
Leandro N. Alem 15 To Primera C Promotional
Luz y Fuerza 9 To Primera C Reclassification
Macabi 7 To Primera C Reclassification
Sportivo Palermo 4 To Primera C Reclassification
Zona "B"
Comunicaciones (*) 22
El Porvenir 20 To Primera B Reclassification
Fénix 19 To Primera B Reclassification
Def. de Cambaceres 15 To Primera C Promotional
C.A. Arsenal 14 To Primera C Promotional
Talleres 14 To Primera C Promotional
Barracas Central 14 To Primera C Reclassification
C.A. Brown 13 To Primera C Reclassification
Deportivo Riestra 13 To Primera C Reclassification
(*) Comunicaciones can't be promoted to Primera B beacause it's a
professional division [see note in 1967 season]
Campeonato Reclasificatorio de Primera B 1968 (Primera B Reclassification)
Tournament played by the 6 worst teams from Primera B (Second Level)
and the 4 bestt teams from Primera C (Third Level)
Top-4 stayed or were promoted to Primera B.
Final Table:
Almirante Brown [B] 23
El Porvenir [C] 23
San Telmo [B] 23
Sportivo Dock Sud [B] 22
--------------------------------------------------------------
Villa Dálmine [B] 21
Deportivo Italiano [B] 15
Justo J. de Urquiza [C] 15
Sarmiento [B] 14 [Junín]
Colegiales [C] 13
Fénix [C] 11
Points played: 90. Points in table: 89. Reason unknown.
Teams promoted to Primera B: El Porvenir
Teams relegated to Primera C: Villa Dálmine, Deportivo Italiano, Sarmiento.
Campeonato Promocional de Primera C 1968 (Primera C Promotional)
This tournament did not award promotions or relegations.
Participating teams:
Arsenal (Llavallol)
Central Córdoba (Rosario)
Defensores de Cambaceres
Flandria
Leandro N. Alem
Talleres (Remedios de Escalada)
Campeonato Reclasificatorio de Primera C 1968 (Primera C Reclassification)
Played by the worst 6 teams of First Stage.
Final Table:
Luz y Fuerza 16
C.A. Brown 15
Deportivo Riestra 12
Macabi 7
Sportivo Palermo 5
Barracas Central 5
Apparently the bottom-4 teams were to be relegated but Macabi left the
League after the season and all the other teams stayed in Primera C.
First Stage Final Tables: Zona "A" Talleres 24 To Championship Group Comunicaciones 24 To Championship Group Central Córdoba [Ros] 23 To Championship Group Deportivo Italiano 21 To Championship Group C.A. Brown 15 To Reclassification Group Def. de Cambaceres 14 To Reclassification Group Deportivo Riestra 12 To Reclassification Group Fénix 9 To Reclassification Group Barracas Central 2 To Reclassification Group Zona "B" Flandria 26 To Championship Group Justo José de Urquiza 23 To Championship Group Sarmiento [Junín] 22 To Championship Group Ferro Carril Midland 17 To Championship Group Villa Dálmine 15 To Reclassification Group Colegiales 15 To Reclassification Group Leandro N. Alem 12 To Reclassification Group Sportivo Palermo 7 To Reclassification Group Luz y Fuerza 7 To Reclassification Group Championship Group Final Table: Comunicaciones 21 Central Córdoba 19 [Rosario] Talleres 19 Sarmiento 17 [Junín] Flandria 12 Justo José de Urquiza 9 Deportivo Italiano 8 Ferro Carril Midland 7 Comunicaciones and Central Córdoba advanced to the Primera B Reclassfication. Campeonato Reclasficatorio de Primera B 1969 (Primera B Reclassfication) Played by the worst 4 teams of Primera B and the best 2 of Primera C. Final Table: Comunicaciones [C] 10 Almagro [B] 10 Sportivo Dock Sud [B] 6 Central Córdoba [C] 4 [Rosario] El Porvenir [B] 2 Argent. de Quilmes [B] 1 Promoted to Primera B: Comunicaciones (that can be promoted after they accepted to play in a professional level [see 1967 and 1968 tables]) Relegated to Primera C: Sportivo Dock Sud, El Porvenir and Argentino de Quilmes. Campeonato Reclasficatorio de Primera C 1969 (Primera C Reclassification) First Stage Final Table: Deportivo Riestra 26 Colegiales 25 Villa Dálmine 23 C.A. Brown 22 Leandro N. Alem 20 Fénix 16 Barracas Central 16 Sportivo Palermo 13 Luz y Fuerza 11 Def. de Cambaceres 8 Luz y Fuerza and Defensores de Cambaceres played the Second Stage of this tournament. Rest of teams stayed in Primera C. Second Stage Defensores Unidos de Zárate and Sportivo Barracas (champions and runners-up of Primera D) were added. Final Table: Def. Unidos de Z. [D] 4 Luz y Fuerza [C] 3 Def. de Cambaceres [C] 3 Sportivo Barracas [D] 2 Promoted to Primera C: Defensores Unidos de Zárate. Luz y Fuerza and Defensores de Cambaceres stayed in Primera C. Sportivo Barracas stayed in Primera D.
Source: Sábado, Historia del Fútbol de Ascenso
Prepared and maintained by Sergio Hernández for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Author: Sergio Hernández
(sernan@datafull.com)
Last updated: 1 Jan 2005
(C) Copyright Sergio Hernández and RSSSF 2004/05
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper
acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.