South Africa 2000/01

NSL Premiership

Final Table:

 1.Orlando Pirates           34 16 13  5  60-34  61  Champions
 2.Kaizer Chiefs             34 16 12  6  41-25  60
 3.Mamelodi Sundowns         34 17  8  9  58-32  59   
 4.Jomo Cosmos               34 15 11  8  47-27  56
 5.Santos                    34 15 11  8  40-32  56
 6.Free State Stars          34 15 10  9  40-30  55
 7.Ria Stars                 34 13 12  9  43-40  51
 8.Supersport United         34 12 11 11  42-35  47
 9.Lamontville Golden Arrows 34 11 12 11  38-39  45    
10.Umtata Bush Bucks         34 12  8 14  38-45  44 
11.Ajax Cape Town            34 10 10 14  37-46  40   
12.Thembisa Classic          34  9 12 13  26-40  39  
13.Wits University           34  8 14 12  33-43  38    
14.Hellenic                  34  7 15 12  32-40  36    
15.Moroka Swallows           34  7 14 13  35-45  35   
16.Manning Rangers           34  9  7 18  49-60  34
---------------------------------------------------
17.Bloemfontein Celtic       34  9 10 15  35-46  34  [-3]  Relegated
18.African Wanderers         34  6  8 20  31-66  26  Relegated

NB: Bloemfontein Celtic deducted three points for fielding illegible player. 

Round 1
[Aug 8]
Rangers       2-2 Supersport
[Aug 9]
Wanderers     1-2 Pirates   
Classic       0-0 Hellenic           
Free State    2-2 Ria Stars      
Cosmos        1-1 Wits
Chiefs        1-0 Celtic      
Swallows      1-1 Ajax  
Santos        1-1 Golden Arrows         
[Nov 19]    
Sundowns      0-1 Bucks

Round 2
[Aug 12]
Supersport    1-1 Classic
[Aug 13]
Celtic        0-2 Santos             
Bucks         0-3 Chiefs         
Golden Arrows 1-1 Wits  
Swallows      0-2 Cosmos            
Ria Stars     1-0 Rangers       
[Aug 16]
Ajax          2-2 Wanderers
[Oct 21]
Sundowns      3-2 Hellenic
[Jan 31]
Pirates       3-0 Free State

Round 3
[Aug 18]
Santos        2-0 Bucks
[Aug 19]
Wanderers     0-4 Swallows
Classic       1-1 Ria Stars
Wits          1-0 Celtic
[Aug 20]
Free State    3-0 Ajax
Cosmos        1-1 Golden Arrows
Rangers       3-5 Pirates
[Aug 30]
Sundowns      0-0 Supersport
[Nov 7]
Chiefs        2-0 Hellenic   

Round 4
[Aug 23]
Wanderers     1-6 Cosmos  
Celtic        2-2 Golden Arrows 
Bucks         4-0 Wits
Hellenic      1-1 Santos        
Swallows      2-2 Free State
Supersport    2-2 Chiefs    
[Aug 30]
Ajax          1-0 Rangers      
[Oct 1-14?]
Pirates       1-2 Classic   
[Nov 29]
Ria Stars     2-5 Sundowns   

Round 5
[Aug 25]
Wits          2-2 Hellenic    
[Aug 26]
Rangers       2-1 Swallows     
Santos        2-0 Supersport
[Aug 27]
Free State    2-0 Wanderers    
Golden Arrows 1-0 Bucks        
Cosmos        1-1 Celtic 
[Sep 6]
Ajax          0-0 Classic          
[Nov 22]
Chiefs        1-0 Ria Stars  
[May 16] 
Sundowns      0-0 Pirates

Round 6
[Sep 1]
Hellenic      1-2 Golden Arrows        
Ria Stars     0-0 Santos                
[Sep 2]
Wanderers     2-0 Rangers     
Free State    2-1 Cosmos          
Supersport    3-0 Wits
[Sep 3]
Bucks         2-4 Celtic     
Swallows      2-2 Classic        
[Oct 8]
Ajax          2-1 Sundowns
[Nov 29]
Pirates       1-1 Chiefs

Round 7 
[Sep 13]
Celtic        0-1 Hellenic          
Classic       2-1 Wanderers        
Golden Arrows 0-2 Supersport   
Cosmos        0-1 Bucks     
Rangers       1-2 Free State 
Santos        1-3 Pirates         
Sundowns      3-1 Swallows    
Wits          2-0 Ria Stars    
[Oct 18]
Chiefs        0-0 Ajax

Round 8
[Sep 16]
Ajax          1-2 Santos 
Hellenic      2-1 Bucks 
Pirates       1-1 Wits 
Supersport    0-0 Celtic 
[Sep 17]
Wanderers     1-5 Sundowns
Rangers       3-4 Cosmos 
Ria Stars     3-1 Golden Arrows 
[Nov 5]    
Free State    0-1 Classic   
[Dec 20]
Swallows      0-0 Chiefs

Round 9 
[Sep 20]
Celtic        2-2 Ria Stars 
Classic       0-2 Rangers
Cosmos        3-1 Hellenic 
Golden Arrows 1-1 Pirates
Sundowns      3-0 Free State 
Santos        1-0 Swallows
Bucks         1-2 Supersport 
Wits          3-1 Ajax
[Nov 2]
Chiefs        0-0 Wanderers

Round 10
[Sep 30]
Rangers       0-2 Sundowns 
Pirates       3-1 Celtic  
Supersport    0-0 Hellenic  
[Oct 1]
Wanderers     0-1 Santos  
Ajax          1-0 Golden Arrows 
Classic       0-0 Cosmos 
Free State    1-1 Chiefs 
Swallows      0-0 Wits 
Ria Stars     0-0 Bucks 

Round 11
[Oct 8]
Cosmos        3-0 Supersport
Chiefs        2-1 Rangers
[Nov 15]
Bucks         2-3 Pirates   
Hellenic      1-2 Ria Stars  
[dates?]
Santos        0-1 Free State
Wits          2-1 Wanderers
Celtic        0-2 Ajax    
Golden Arrows 2-0 Swallows
[Dec 6]
Sundowns      2-0 Classic

Round 12 
[Oct 14]
Pirates       1-1 Hellenic
Rangers       3-5 Santos
[Oct 15]
Wanderers     1-0 Golden Arrows 
Ajax          0-1 Bucks
Classic       0-0 Chiefs
Free State    1-1 Wits
Swallows      0-2 Celtic
Ria Stars     0-0 Supersport
[Jan 14]
Sundowns      0-1 Cosmos

Round 13 
[Oct 25]
Celtic        0-0 Wanderers  
Bucks         2-2 Swallows  
Golden Arrows 2-0 Free State
Cosmos        0-1 Ria Stars
Santos        2-1 Classic   
Supersport    0-1 Pirates     
Wits          2-2 Rangers   
[Jan 17]
Sundowns      1-2 Chiefs
[Feb 14]
Hellenic      3-0 Ajax

Round 14
[Oct 28]
Free State    2-2 Celtic  
Rangers       0-2 Golden Arrows  
[Oct 29]
Wanderers     3-0 Bucks   
Ajax          1-0 Supersport
Classic       1-0 Wits 
Cosmos        2-1 Chiefs    
Swallows      0-0 Hellenic     
Pirates       2-0 Ria Stars   
[Nov 15]
Sundowns      0-2 Santos 

Round 15
[Nov 19]
Classic       1-0 Celtic  
Cosmos        1-2 Santos 
Swallows      2-1 Ria Stars 
[Nov 22]
Ajax          0-1 Pirates   
Sundowns      3-0 Golden Arrows   
[Nov 29]
Rangers       1-2 Bucks 
[Dec 6]
Wanderers     0-2 Supersport
[Dec 13]
Chiefs        1-0 Wits
[Dec 20]
Free State    1-0 Hellenic

Round 16
[Nov 8]
Supersport    2-1 Swallows 
[Nov 11]
Hellenic      1-1 Wanderers  
Pirates       1-1 Cosmos   
[Nov 12]
Celtic        1-1 Rangers  
Bucks         1-0 Free State 
Golden Arrows 1-2 Classic  
Ria Stars     1-1 Ajax 
Santos        1-1 Chiefs  
[Dec 20]
Wits          0-3 Sundowns

Round 17
[Nov 21]
Supersport    0-1 Free State  
Wits          1-0 Santos        
[Nov 24]
Hellenic      2-2 Rangers   
[Nov 26]
Celtic        0-3 Sundowns  
Bucks         2-0 Classic   
Golden Arrows 3-1 Chiefs 
Ria Stars     3-2 Wanderers
[Dec 20]
Cosmos        0-2 Ajax    
[Jan 16]
Pirates       1-0 Swallows

Round 18
[Dec 2]
Hellenic      0-0 Classic  
Supersport    3-1 Rangers  
[Dec 3]
Celtic        1-2 Chiefs     
Bucks         1-0 Sundowns      
Golden Arrows 1-0 Santos
Ria Stars     0-0 Free State
[Jan 17]
Wits          2-3 Cosmos
[Jan 31]
Ajax          2-1 Swallows
[Feb 28]
Pirates       3-0 Wanderers

Round 19
[Dec 8]
Rangers       1-2 Ria Stars 
Santos        1-1 Celtic 
Wits          1-1 Golden Arrows 
[Dec 10]
Classic       0-2 Supersport    
Chiefs        0-1 Bucks   
Cosmos        5-1 Swallows 
Hellenic      2-1 Sundowns
[Jan 14]
Wanderers     1-1 Ajax
[Feb 14]
Free State    0-1 Pirates

Round 20
[Dec 17]
Bucks         1-1 Santos
Swallows      0-0 Wanderers
Ria Stars     2-0 Classic
Celtic        0-1 Wits
Golden Arrows 0-0 Cosmos
Supersport    1-1 Sundowns      
Hellenic      0-1 Chiefs
[Dec 20]
Pirates       3-3 Rangers
[Feb 7]
Ajax          1-1 Free State 

Round 21
[Jan 5]
Wits          2-2 Bucks     
Rangers       3-0 Ajax
[Jan 6]
Free State    2-0 Swallows
Chiefs        1-1 Supersport   
[Jan 7]
Cosmos        3-0 Wanderers
Golden Arrows 1-0 Celtic
Classic       0-3 Pirates
Sundowns      1-1 Ria Stars
[Jan 8]
Santos        0-1 Hellenic 

Round 22 
[Jan 20]
Pirates       1-2 Sundowns
Hellenic      0-1 Wits
[Jan 21]
Swallows      3-1 Rangers
Supersport    3-0 Santos
Wanderers     1-3 Free State
Bucks         1-3 Golden Arrows
Celtic        0-1 Cosmos
Classic       3-2 Ajax
Ria Stars     1-4 Chiefs

Round 23 
[Jan 28]
Celtic        1-0 Swallows   
Hellenic      2-1 Pirates  
Cosmos        0-0 Sundowns  
Golden Arrows 0-0 Wanderers  
Santos        1-1 Rangers 
Supersport    0-2 Ria Stars
Bucks         2-0 Ajax 
Wits          0-0 Free State 
[Jan 30]
Chiefs        1-1 Classic

Round 24
[Feb 2]
Hellenic      2-1 Celtic
[Feb 3]
Pirates       2-2 Santos 
Ria Stars     2-0 Wits
[Feb 4]
Wanderers     3-0 Classic
Supersport    5-1 Golden Arrows 
Bucks         0-0 Cosmos
Free State    3-1 Rangers
Swallows      1-1 Sundowns
Ajax          3-2 Chiefs

Round 25
[Feb 9]
Cosmos        0-1 Rangers
[Feb 10]
Chiefs        1-2 Swallows  
Bucks         0-0 Hellenic  
Wits          0-1 Pirates 
[Feb 11]
Celtic        2-1 Supersport 
Classic       0-2 Free State 
Golden Arrows 2-2 Ria Stars  
Sundowns      1-0 Wanderers  
Santos        0-1 Ajax 

Round 26
[Feb 16]
Rangers       1-0 Classic 
[Feb 17]
Ajax          0-0 Wits 
Pirates       2-2 Golden Arrows 
Ria Stars     3-0 Celtic
[Feb 18]
Wanderers     0-2 Chiefs 
Free State    abd Sundowns         [abandoned] 
Hellenic      1-3 Cosmos 
Swallows      abd Santos           [abandoned at 0-1 due to thunderstorm] 
Supersport    4-2 Bucks 
[Mar 21]
Free State    1-2 Sundowns
[Apr 11]
Swallows      3-1 Santos

Round 27
[Feb 23]
Wits          1-1 Swallows
[Feb 24]
Hellenic      0-0 Supersport
[Feb 25]
Celtic        1-1 Pirates  
Cosmos        0-0 Classic  
Golden Arrows 2-1 Ajax 
Sundowns      3-0 Rangers 
Bucks         1-1 Ria Stars 
[Mar 28]
Santos        1-0 Wanderers
[May 17]
Chiefs        0-1 Free State
 
Round 28
[Mar 10]
Supersport    0-0 Cosmos
[Mar 11]
Wanderers     2-1 Wits
Classic       1-3 Sundowns
Free State    0-0 Santos
Swallows      1-0 Golden Arrows
Ria Stars     1-0 Hellenic
[Apr 18]
Pirates       0-1 Bucks
[May 6]
Ajax          3-3 Celtic
[May 30]
Rangers       0-1 Chiefs   

Round 29
[Mar 21]
Rangers       5-0 Wanderers
[Mar 23]
Wits          2-1 Supersport
[Mar 25]
Golden Arrows 2-0 Hellenic       
Celtic        1-0 Bucks
Classic       2-2 Swallows 
[Apr 11]
Chiefs        abd Pirates          [abandoned at 1-1 in 33' following a stadium
[Apr 22]                            disaster in which 43 people were killed]
Cosmos        1-0 Free State 
[Apr 25]
Sundowns      3-2 Ajax
[May 7]
Santos        1-0 Ria Stars
[Jun 9 - played following Bob Save Superbowl final]
Chiefs        1-0 Pirates

Round 30
[Mar 30]
Rangers       3-2 Wits
[Mar 31]
Classic       0-1 Santos 
Free State    1-1 Golden Arrows 
Swallows      1-1 Bucks 
[Apr 1]
Wanderers     3-1 Celtic
Ria Stars     0-2 Cosmos
Pirates       6-2 Supersport 
[Apr 22]
Ajax          2-2 Hellenic  
[May 6]
Chiefs        1-0 Sundowns   

Round 31
[Apr 6]
Santos        2-2 Sundowns  
Hellenic      1-1 Swallows  
Wits          0-0 Classic  
[Apr 7]
Celtic        2-0 Free State
Chiefs        2-0 Cosmos
[Apr 8]
Bucks         4-1 Wanderers
Ria Stars     1-1 Pirates
Golden Arrows 0-1 Rangers 
[Apr 28]
Supersport    1-0 Ajax

Round 32
[Feb 28]
Chiefs        1-1 Santos
[Mar 7]
Sundowns      1-1 Wits
[Apr 18]
Swallows      1-0 Supersport 
Rangers       1-2 Celtic
Classic       2-1 Golden Arrows
[Apr 28]
Free State    3-0 Bucks
[Apr 29]
Wanderers     3-3 Hellenic    
[May 1]  
Cosmos        1-1 Pirates  
[May 2]
Ajax          4-0 Ria Stars       [4-1?]

Round 33
[May 2]
Golden Arrows 1-2 Sundowns
[May 11]
Hellenic      0-2 Free State
[May 12]
Supersport    2-0 Wanderers
[May 13]
Celtic        2-1 Classic  
Ria Stars     2-0 Swallows
Bucks         1-3 Rangers  
[May 23]
Pirates       3-0 Ajax
Santos        1-0 Cosmos
Wits          1-2 Chiefs 

Round 34
[May 18]
Rangers       0-0 Hellenic
Santos        2-1 Wits
[May 19]
Swallows      1-1 Pirates
[May 20]
Free State    1-0 Supersport 
Sundowns      1-2 Celtic  
Classic       2-0 Bucks   
Chiefs        0-0 Golden Arrows 
Wanderers     1-4 Ria Stars
Ajax          0-1 Cosmos     

Final Table:

 1.Orlando Pirates           34 16 13  5  60-34  61  Champions
 2.Kaizer Chiefs             34 16 12  6  41-25  60
 3.Mamelodi Sundowns         34 17  8  9  58-32  59   
 4.Jomo Cosmos               34 15 11  8  47-27  56
 5.Santos                    34 15 11  8  40-32  56
 6.Free State Stars          34 15 10  9  40-30  55
 7.Ria Stars                 34 13 12  9  43-40  51
 8.Supersport United         34 12 11 11  42-35  47
 9.Lamontville Golden Arrows 34 11 12 11  38-39  45    
10.Umtata Bush Bucks         34 12  8 14  38-45  44 
11.Ajax Cape Town            34 10 10 14  37-46  40   
12.Thembisa Classic          34  9 12 13  26-40  39  
13.Wits University           34  8 14 12  33-43  38    
14.Hellenic                  34  7 15 12  32-40  36    
15.Moroka Swallows           34  7 14 13  35-45  35   
16.Manning Rangers           34  9  7 18  49-60  34
---------------------------------------------------
17.Bloemfontein Celtic       34  9 10 15  35-46  34  [-3]  Relegated
18.African Wanderers         34  6  8 20  31-66  26  Relegated

NB: Bloemfontein Celtic deducted three points for fielding illegible player. 

Promoted: AmaZulu (Durban) and Black Leopards (Thohoyandou) 


Cups 2000/01

League Cup 2000 

[for 18 Premier League Clubs only]

Preliminary Round
Ria Stars                 1-1 1-0 Bloemfontein Celtic
Lamontville Golden Arrows 2-0 1-2 African Wanderers

First Round [2nd legs Sep 23-25]
Orlando Pirates           0-1 2-0 Thembisa Classic
Hellenic                  1-0 1-3 Umtata Bush Bucks
SuperSport United         3-0 4-3 Manning Rangers
Moroka Swallows           3-1 1-0 Mamelodi Sundowns
Jomo Cosmos               1-0 1-0 Lamontville Golden Arrows
Free State Stars          0-0 0-2 Ajax Cape Town
Wits University           0-0 1-2 Santos
Kaizer Chiefs                lt   Ria Stars

Quarterfinals [1st legs Oct 21,22; 2nd leg Nov 4,5]
Moroka Swallows           3-0 0-0 SuperSport United       [1st leg 3-1?]
Santos                    0-1  -  Ajax Cape Town          [2nd leg Nov 8]
Ria Stars                 2-4 3-2 Orlando Pirates
Jomo Cosmos               3-2 5-0 Umtata Bush Bucks

Semifinals [2nd leg Dec 2,3]
Jomo Cosmos               1-1 0-1 Ajax Cape Town
Moroka Swallows           1-2 1-0 Orlando Pirates

Final [Johannesburg, Dec 9; att: 40,000]
Ajax Cape Town              1-1   Orlando Pirates         [aet]
  [Edelbert Dinha 60; Steve Lekoelea 75]

Final Replay [Johannesburg, Dec 13]
Ajax Cape Town              4-1   Orlando Pirates
  [Carlo Scott 1-0, 2-0 (before 10'), Brett Evans 3-0 (after 45'),
   Jeremy Jansen 4-0; Jerry Sikhosana 4-1] 

Ajax Cape Town earned a late CAF Cup entry thanks to this win


Bob Save Super Bowl 2001

Participants all from premier division except:

Black Leopards, FC Fortune, Mabopane Young Masters, Maritzburg City, Phoenix City,
Saxon Rovers, Spartak, Sporting (all first division - second level);
Amalawus, Greenpoint Vultures, Hamilton Crescents, Kiwi Double Seven, Mighty Birds,
Ravens, Real Rangers, Roses United, Royal Blues (all amateur teams). 

Preliminary Round [Feb 17,18]
Mighty Birds                bt    Ravens     
Real Rangers                bt    Roses United  
Greenpoint Vultures         bt    Hamilton Crescents  

First Round
[Mar 2]
Maritzburg City             1-0   Ajax Cape Town 
[Mar 3]
Santos                      3-2   Mabopane Young Masters  [aet] 
SuperSport United           4-1   Wits University         [aet]
Royal Blues                 1-2   Real Rangers 
Kaizer Chiefs               2-0   Black Leopards 
Thembisa Classic            2-3   Sporting FC 
FC Fortune                  1-4   Manning Rangers 
Greenpoint Vultures         2-4   Orlando Pirates 
[Mar 4]
Ravens                      0-2   Bush Bucks  
Spartak                     1-0   Saxon Rovers 
Free State Stars            1-2   Moroka Swallows         [aet]
Bloemfontein Celtic         5-1   Phoenix City 
Jomo Cosmos                 4-2   Kiwi Double Seven
Mamelodi Sundowns           3-0   Hellenic 
Amalawus                    1-6   Ria Stars 
Lamontville Golden Arrows   1-1   African Wanderers       [aet, 3-4 pen]

Second Round 
[Mar 16]
Manning Rangers             1-0   SuperSport United
[Mar 17]
Jomo Cosmos                 2-2   Moroka Swallows         [aet, 3-5 pen]
Sporting FC                 0-1   Santos
[Mar 18]
Mamelodi Sundowns           2-0   African Wanderers 
Ria Stars                   1-2   Bloemfontein Celtic  
Umtata Bush Bucks           2-3   Kaizer Chiefs 
[Mar 21]
Real Rangers                1-5   Maritzburg City
[Apr 4]  
Spartak                     0-1   Orlando Pirates

Quarterfinals 
[Apr 21]
Maritzburg City             0-1   Santos
[Apr 22]
Mamelodi Sundowns           1-0   Manning Rangers         [aet]
[Apr 24]
Orlando Pirates             0-1   Moroka Swallows           
Bloemfontein Celtic         0-5   Kaizer Chiefs 

Semifinals 
[Apr 28]
Santos                      1-0   Moroka Swallows
[Apr 29]
Kaizer Chiefs               0-2   Mamelodi Sundowns

Final [Jun 9 - postponed from May 26 and played as curtain raiser for the
       final league match between Pirates and Chiefs, postponed due to the
       Ellis Park stadium disaster]
Santos                      1-0   Mamelodi Sundowns
  [Tyren Arendse 13]



Charity Cup 2001 [Jul 28] 

Semifinals
Orlando Pirates             1-0   Kaizer Chiefs
  [Mkhize 52]
Moroka Swallows             1-1   Ria Stars               [4-2 pen]
  [Nombe 40; Mkhabela 69]

Final 
Orlando Pirates             1-0   Moroka Swallows
  [Vilakazi 33]



First Division (Second Level)

Vodacom League - Inland 

Final Table:

 1.Black Leopards            30  21  4  5  77-29  67   Promoted
 2.Bloemfontein Young Tigers 30  16  6  8  46-28  54 
 3.Mabopane Young Masters    30  16  5  9  56-35  53 
 4.Dobsonville All Nations   30  13 10  7  56-40  49 
 5.Ledwaba Power Stars       30  15  4 11  46-46  49 
 6.City Sharks               30  14  5 11  38-34  47 
 7.Pietersburg Pillars       30  14  4 12  43-37  46 
 8.Spartak                   30  11  8 11  27-30  41 
 9.Katlehong City            30  12  4 14  45-45  40 
10.Silver Stars              30   9 12  9  38-33  39  
11.Alexandra Utd             30  10  7 13  37-44  37 
12.Dynamos                   30  10  7 13  28-45  37 
13.Witbank Black Aces        30   9  9 12  51-65  36 
14.Sporting FC               30  10  6 14  42-40  36 
15.Arcadia Shepherds         30  10  5 15  44-55  35 
16.Real Rovers               30   2  0 28  20-88   6 

Vodacom League - Coastal 

Final Table:

 1.Amazulu              26  17  5  4  47-17  56   Promoted
 2.Park United          26  17  4  5  51-24  55 
 3.Saxon Rovers         26  12  3 11  45-40  39 
 4.Maritzburg City      26   9  9  8  39-37  36 
 5.Avendale Athletico   26  10  6 10  30-31  36 
 6.Zulu Royals          26  10  6 10  36-30  36  [Premier United?]
 7.FC Fortune           26   9  8  9  36-33  35 
 8.Mother City          26   9  8  9  32-31  32 
 9.Newtons              26   7 10  9  29-39  31 
10.Rainbow Stars        26   7  8 11  35-40  29 
11.Basotho Tigers       26   8  5 13  26-34  29 
12.Royal Tigers         26   8  5 13  28-41  29 
13.Phoenix City         26   8  5 13  29-50  29 
14.Durban United        26   8  4 14  35-51  28 


1999/00.

2001/02.

list of champions.

list of cup winners.


About this document

Prepared and maintained by Ian King for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation

Author: Ian King (worldsoccer@btinternet.com)
Last updated: 8 Sep 2004

(C) Copyright Ian King and RSSSF 2000/04
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.