See also:
Year Champions 1886 Minmi Rangers 1887 Minmi Rangers 1888 Minmi Rangers 1889 Minmi Rangers 1890 Minmi Rangers 1891 Minmi Rangers 1892 Minmi Rangers 1893 Minmi Rangers 1894 Adamstown Rosebuds 1895 Adamstown Rosebuds 1896 Adamstown Rosebuds 1897 West Wallsend Bluebells 1898 West Wallsend Bluebells 1899 West Wallsend Bluebells 1900 Wallsend Rovers 1901 West Wallsend Bluebells 1902 West Wallsend Bluebells 1903 Wallsend 1904 West Wallsend 1905 Adamstown 1906 Adamstown 1907 Pelaso Main 1908 Adamstown 1909 not known 1910 Adamstown 1911 Merewether Advance, Wallsend Mazeppa (shared) 1912 Cessnock 1913 West Wallsend 1914 Merewether 1915 Merewether 1916 Weston 1917 Weston Albion, Merewether (shared) 1918 Weston 1919 West Wallsend Year Champions Runners-Up Winners Regular Season 1920 Adamstown Wallsend West Wallsend 1921 West Wallsend Cessnock West Wallsend 1922 West Wallsend Cessnock Wallsend 1923 Weston Adamstown Wallsend 1924 West Wallsend Wallsend Wallsend, Cessnock (shared) 1925 Cessnock Adamstown West Wallsend 1926 West Wallsend Cessnock West Wallsend 1927 Cessnock Adamstown Cessnock 1928 New Lambton Adamstown Adamstown 1928-1956 - Newcastle clubs played in statewide New South Wales leagues Northern New South Wales Year Champions Winners Regular Season 1956 Cessnock Cessnock 1957 Wallsend Wallsend 1958 Cessnock Cessnock 1959 Wallsend Wallsend 1960 Cessnock Cessnock 1961 Adamstown Wallsend, Awaba (shared) 1962 Lake Macquarie Adamstown 1963 Awaba Wallsend, West Wallsend (shared) 1964 Lake Macquarie Lake Macquarie 1965 Awaba Wallsend 1966 Adamstown Adamstown 1967 Lake Macquarie Newcastle Austral 1968 Adamstown Adamstown 1969 Newcastle Austral Hamilton Azzurri Year Champions Runners-Up Winners Regular Season 1970 Belmont-Swansea Adamstown Adamstown 1971 Weston Wallsend Weston 1972 Weston Toronto-Awaba Weston 1973 Weston Adamstown Weston 1974 Weston Adamstown New Lambton South 1975 Adamstown Weston Adamstown 1976 Adamstown Wallsend Adamstown Formation of national league
Federation founded 1882 as "South British Football Soccer Association", succeeded 1898 by the "New South Wales British Football Association", succeeded 1921 by the "Australian Soccer Association", succeeded 1957 by the "New South Wales Federation of Soccer Clubs".
Until 1928 championship restricted to Sydney; in 1928 a state league was introduced, local league championships were held for the last time that year in Sydney and Newcastle; in 1943 the federation went through a schism, two championships were played that year, but in the following season the old federation was dissolved. In 1957 the New South Wales state league was dissolved and replaced by two leagues, in Sydney and Northern New South Wales (Newcastle) who both became independent federations again.
Badge Series Year Champions 1885 Caledonians 1886 Caledonians 1887 Caledonians 1888 Caledonians 1889 Parkgrove 1890 Parkgrove 1891 Parkgrove 1892 Granville Sydney Metropolitan Year Champions 1893 Pyrmont Rangers 1894 Pyrmont Rangers 1895 Balmain 1896 Balmain 1897 Balmain 1898 Balmain 1899 Balmain 1900 Pyrmont Volunteers 1901 Pyrmont Rangers 1902 Pyrmont Volunteers 1903 Pyrmont 1904 Granville 1905 Pyrmont 1906 Pyrmont 1907 Pyrmont 1908 Glebe 1909 Pyrmont 1910 Glebe 1911 Balmain 1912 Balmain 1913 Newtown 1914 Granville 1915 Granville 1916 Annandale 1917 Annandale 1918 Pyrmont 1919 Balmain Fernleigh 1920 Balmain Fernleigh 1921 Pyrmont 1922 Pyrmont 1923 Granville 1924 Granville 1925 Granville 1926 Balgowrie 1927 Gladesville-Ryde 1928 Balgowrie State League Year Champions Runners-Up 1928 Cessnock Gladesville-Ryde 1929 Cessnock Kurri-Kurri 1930 Adamstown Gladesville-Ryde 1931 Weston Leichhardt-Annadale 1932 Wallsend Concord 1933 Wallsend St. George 1934 Adamstown Metters 1935 Adamstown Metters 1936 Weston Goodyear 1937 Goodyear Wallsend 1938 Goodyear Metters 1939 Goodyear Wallsend 1940 Metters Wallsend 1941 Metters Wallsend 1942 Wallsend Leichhardt-Annadale 1943 Corrimal Rangers Swansea-Belmont 1943 Wallsend Leichhardt-Annadale 1944 Metters Wallsend 1945 Canterbury-Bankstown Wallsend 1946 Leichhardt-Annadale West Wallsend 1947 Lake Macquarie Leichhardt-Annadale 1948 Adamstown Leichhardt-Annadale 1949 Leichhardt-Annadale Wallsend 1950 Leichhardt-Annadale Granville 1951 Wallsend Granville 1952 Granville Wallsend 1953 Wallsend Auburn 1954 Cessnock Auburn 1955 Corrimal Rangers Cessnock 1956 Leichhardt-Annadale Corrimal Rangers Sydney Federation Year Champions Runners-Up Winners Regular Season 1957 Auburn 4-3 Canterbury-Marrickville Canterbury-Marrickville 1958 Canterbury-Marrickville 2-1 Auburn Corrimal Rangers 1959 Prague 3-2 APIA Leichhardt Prague 1960 Canterbury-Marrickville 5-2 Prague Prague 1961 Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 4-1 Canterbury-Marrickville Prague 1962 Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 4-2 St. George-Budapest St. George-Budapest 1963 South Coast United 4-0 APIA Leichhardt Prague 1964 APIA Leichhardt 7-2 St. George-Budapest APIA Leichhardt 1965 APIA Leichhardt 2-0 St. George-Budapest South Coast United 1966 Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 2-1 APIA Leichhardt APIA Leichhardt 1967 St. George-Budapest 5-2 APIA Leichhardt APIA Leichhardt 1968 Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 4-2 Pan Hellenic Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 1969 APIA Leichhardt drw 3-2 St. George-Budapest South Coast United 1970 Yugal-Ryde 4-0 St. George-Budapest Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 1971 St. George-Budapest 3-2 Western Suburbs Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 1972 Marconi Fairfield 1-0 St. George-Budapest St. George-Budapest 1973 Marconi Fairfield 2-1 Hakoah Eastern Suburbs Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 1974 St. George-Budapest 4-2 Hakoah Eastern Suburbs Hakoah Eastern Suburbs 1975 St. George-Budapest 1-0 APIA Leichhardt APIA Leichhardt 1976 APIA Leichhardt 1-0 St. George-Budapest St. George-Budapest Formation of national league Year Champions Runners-Up Winners Regular Season 1977 Sydney Croatia 2-0 Auburn Sydney Croatia 1978 Sutherland drw 2-1 Sydney Croatia Sydney Croatia 1979 Inter Monaro 2-1 Sutherland Sydney Croatia 1980 Sydney Olympic 4-0 Melita Eagles Melita Eagles 1981 St. George-Budapest 1-0 Sydney Croatia Sydney Croatia 1982 Sydney Croatia 2-1 Sutherland Sydney Croatia 1983 Sydney Croatia 0-0 Melita Eagles [4-3pen] Melita Eagles 1984 Rockdale Ilinden 3-2 Inter Monaro Inter Monaro 1985 Melita Eagles 4-0 Fairy Meadow Canterbury-Marrickville 1986 Sutherland Shire 2-1 Melita Eagles Melita Eagles 1987 Wollongong City 2-1 Canberra City Wollongong City 1988 Melita Eagles 0-0 Blacktown City [7-6pen] Blacktown City 1989 Melita Eagles 2-0 Canberra Croatia Melita Eagles 1990 Wollongong Macedonia 2-0 Canberra Croatia Wollongong Macedonia 1991 Blacktown City 3-0 Canberra Metro Sutherland Shire 1992 Avala 2-0 Blacktown City Avala 1993 Bankstown City 1-0 Blacktown City Blacktown City 1994 Bankstown City 3-1 Canterbury-Marrickville Bankstown City 1995 Warringah Dolphins 1-0 Blacktown City Warringah Dolphins 1996 Parramatta Eagles 1-1 Adamstown Rosebud [5-3pen] 1997 Parramatta Eagles 1998 Bonnyrigg White Eagles 1999 Bonnyrigg White Eagles 2000 Blacktown City 2001 Bankstown City
Federation founded 1889 as "Queensland British Football Association".
Year Champions 1893 Rosebank 1894 Norrmans 1895 Dinmore Bush Rats 1896 Rovers 1897 Rosebank 1898 Dinmore Bush Rats 1899 Dinmore Bush Rats 1900 Dinmore Bush Rats 1901 Dinmore Bush Rats 1902 Rangers 1903 not known 1904 Blackstone Rovers 1905 Wellington 1906 Wellington 1907 not known 1908 not known 1909 Wellington 1910 Dinmore Bush Rats 1911 Balimba Rangers 1912 Blackstone Rovers 1913 not known 1914 Toowong Caledonians 1915 Corinthians 1916 not known 1917 not known 1918 not known 1919 Pineapple Rovers 1920 Corinthians 1921 Dinmore Bush Rats 1922 Bundamba Rangers 1923 Brisbane Thistle 1924 Pineapple Rovers 1925 Pineapple Rovers 1926 Blackstone Rovers 1927 Bundamba Rangers 1928 not known 1929 Latrobe 1930 Latrobe 1931 Latrobe 1932 Latrobe 1933 Latrobe 1934 Bribane YMCA 1935 Latrobe 1936 Bribane YMCA 1937 not known 1938 Bundamba Rangers 1939 not known 1940 Corinthians 1941 Blackstone Rovers 1942 not known 1943 not known 1944 not known 1945 not known 1946 Bribane YMCA 1947 St. Helens United 1948 St. Helens United 1949 Corinthians 1950 Dinmore Bush Rats 1951 Eastern Suburbs 1952 Corinthians 1953 Blackstone Rovers 1954 Dinmore Bush Rats 1955 Bundamba Rangers 1956 St. Helens United 1957 Bundamba Rangers 1958 Oxley United Year Champions Winners Regular Season 1959 Annerley Annerley 1960 Hellenic Hellenic 1961 Azzurri Hellenic 1962 Merton Rovers Hellenic 1963 Hellenic Hellenic 1964 Merton Rovers Latrobe 1965 Latrobe Hellenic 1966 Latrobe Latrobe 1967 Hollandia-Inala Latrobe 1968 Merton Rovers Hollandia-Inala 1969 Hollandia-Inala Hellenic 1970 Azzurri Azzurri 1971 Azzurri Azzurri 1972 Merton East Hellenic 1973 Brisbane City Brisbane City 1974 Brisbane City Brisbane City 1975 Brisbane City Brisbane City 1976 Brisbane City Brisbane City Formation of national league 1977 Redlands United 1978 Southside Eagles 1979 Grange Thistle 1980 Grange Thistle 1981 Mount Gravatt 1982 Ipswich United 1983 Olympic United 1984 Ipswich United 1985 Ipswich United 1986 Coalstars 1987 Brisbane City 1988 North Star 1989 Eastern Suburbs 1990 Brisbane City 1991 Brisbane Lions 1992 North Star 1993 Rochedale Rovers 1994 North Star 1995 Rochedale Rovers Brisbane City 1996 Brisbane Lions Brisbane Lions 1997 Brisbane City Brisbane City 1998 Brisbane Lions Brisbane City 1999 Rochedale Rovers 2000 2001 2002 Queensland Lions
Federation founded 1902 as "South Australian British Football Association".
Year Champions 1903 South Adelaide 1904 Woodville 1905 Hindmarsh 1906 North Adelaide 1907 Hindmarsh 1908 Hindmarsh 1909 Hindmarsh 1910 Cambridge 1911 Port Adelaide 1912 Port Adelaide 1913 Hindmarsh 1914 North Adelaide 1915 Cheltenham 1916 not held 1917 not held 1918 not held 1919 North Adelaide 1920 Cheltenham 1921 Cheltenham 1922 North Adelaide 1923 Cheltenham 1924 Hindmarsh 1925 West Torrens 1926 Port Adelaide 1927 Port Adelaide 1928 West Torrens 1929 West Torrens 1930 West Adelaide 1931 Port Adelaide 1932 West Torrens 1933 Kingswood 1934 Port Thistle 1935 Port Thistle 1936 West Torrens 1937 Port Thistle 1938 Northumberland & Durham 1939 West Torrens 1940 Sturt 1941 West Torrens 1942 not held 1943 Northumberland & Durham 1944 Birkalla Rovers 1945 Birkalla Rovers 1946 Kingswood 1947 Birkalla Rovers 1948 Sturt 1949 Sturt 1950 Birkalla Rovers 1951 Birkalla Rovers 1952 Birkalla Rovers 1953 Juventus 1954 Juventus 1955 Polonia 1956 Juventus 1957 Juventus 1958 Juventus 1959 Juventus 1960 Budapest 1961 Budapest (SL; Association: Victoria) 1962 Budapest 1963 Juventus 1964 Juventus 1965 USC Lion 1966 Hellas 1967 Juventus 1968 Hellas 1969 Hellas Year Champions Winners Top-4 Cup 1970 Juventus Hellas 1971 Hellas Juventus 1972 Juventus Juventus 1973 Hellas Juventus 1974 Juventus Hellas 1975 Polonia Hellas 1976 Hellas Hellas Formation of national league 1977 Polonia Polonia 1978 Cumberland United Polonia 1979 Beograd Woodville Beograd Woodville 1980 Croatia Para Hills 1981 Azzuri Azzuri 1982 Azzuri Azzuri 1983 Beograd Woodville Polonia 1984 Croatia Croatia 1985 Salisbury United Polonia 1986 Campbelltown City Adelaide Hellas 1987 Adelaide Hellas Adelaide Hellas 1988 Croatia Adelaide Hellas 1989 Adelaide Hellas WT Birkalla 1990 Adelaide Hellas ED Azzuri 1991 West Adelaide Salisbury United Year Champions 1992 ED Azzuri 1993 White City Woodville 1994 Adelaide Blue Eagles 1995 Adelaide Blue Eagles 1996 Adelaide Blue Eagles 1997 Raiders 1998 WT Birkalla 1999 Cumberland United
Year Champions Northern Tasmania Southern Tasmania 1900 Trinity 1901 Trinity 1902 Gunners 1903-09 no tournament 1910 Hobart Hobart 1911 Westralia Westralia 1912 St. George Club Tamar St. George Club 1913 Corinthians Tamar Corinthians 1914 Corinthians Elphin Corinthians 1915-18 no tournament 1919 South Hobart South Hobart 1920 South Hobart Elphin South Hobart 1921 South Hobart Tamar South Hobart 1922 South Hobart North Esk South Hobart 1923 South Hobart Elphin South Hobart 1924 Sandy Bay Elphin Sandy Bay 1925 Sandy Bay Paton & Baldwins Sandy Bay 1926 Paton & Baldwins Paton & Baldwins South Hobart 1927 Sandy Bay Elphin Sandy Bay 1928 Hobart Athletic Elphin Hobart Athletic 1929 South Hobart Invermay South Hobart 1930 Paton & Baldwins Paton & Baldwins Hobart Athletic 1931 Cascades Tamar Cascades 1932 Cascades Tamar Cascades 1933 Sandy Bay Tamar Sandy Bay 1934 Cascades Tamar Cascades 1935 Cascades Thistle Cascades 1936 Sandy Bay Paton & Baldwins Sandy Bay 1937 South Hobart Invermay South Hobart 1938 Sandy Bay Invermay Sandy Bay 1939 Sandy Bay Paton & Baldwins Sandy Bay 1940-45 no tournament 1946 South Hobart Invermay South Hobart 1947 South Hobart Invermay South Hobart 1948 South Hobart Invermay South Hobart 1949 Invermay Invermay Metro 1950 Metro Invermay Metro 1951 Metro Invermay Metro 1952 Metro Paton & Baldwins Metro 1953 Caledonians South Launceston Caledonians 1954 Metro Paton & Baldwins Metro 1955 Caledonians Papermakers Caledonians 1956 Caledonians Paton & Baldwins Caledonians 1957 Caledonians Paton & Baldwins Caledonians 1958 Caledonians Paton & Baldwins Caledonians 1959 South Hobart Launceston Juventus South Hobart 1960 Caledonians Launceston Juventus Caledonians 1961 Launceston Juventus Launceston Juventus Rapid 1962-66 not known 1967 Launceston United Juventus North Olympia 1968 Olympia Launceston United Olympia 1969 Juventus South Juventus North Juventus South 1970 Croatia Glenorchy Georgetown United Croatia Glenorchy 1971 Juventus South Juventus North Juventus South 1972 Juventus South Juventus North Juventus South 1973 Juventus South Ravenswood Olympic Juventus South 1974 not held Devonport Croatia Glenorchy 1975 not held Juventus North Croatia Glenorchy 1976 not held Juventus North Rapid West Point Formation of national league
Federation founded 1884 as "Anglo-Australian Football Association".
Year Champions
1909 Carlton United
1910 Carlton United
1911 Williamstown
1912 Williamstown, Yarraville (shared)
1913 Yarraville
1914 Melbourne Thistle
1915 Melbourne Thistle
1916 not held
1917 not held
1918 not held
1919 Northumberland & Durham United
1920 Northumberland & Durham United
1921 Windsor
1922 Northumberland & Durham United
1923 St. Kilda
1924 Footscray Thistle
1925 Melbourne Thistle
1926 Footscray Thistle
1927 Prahran City
1928 Flinders Naval Depot
1929 Footscray Thistle
1930 Footscray Thistle
1931 Brunswick Wanthaggi
1932 Footscray Thistle
1933 Royal Caledonians
1934 Hakoah St. Kilda
1935 Hakoah St. Kilda
1936 Moreland
1937 Moreland
1938 Hakoah St. Kilda
1939 Prahran
1940 Nobels
1941 Moreland (shared with Hakoah?)
1942 Prahran
1943 Moreland (shared with Hakoah?)
1944 Prahran
1945 Prahran
1946 Moreland
1947 Sunshine United
1948 Box Hill
1949 Brighton
1950 Sunshine United
1951 Yallourn
1952 Juventus
1953 Juventus
1954 Juventus
Year Champions Runners-Up
1955 Brunswick Juventus Hakoah St. Kilda
1956 Brunswick Juventus Hakoah St. Kilda
1957 Footscray-JUST Moreland
1958 Brunswick Juventus Ringwood Wilhelmina
1959 Ringwood Wilhelmina ´ George Cross
1960 Polonia George Cross
1961 Polonia George Cross
1962 South Melbourne-Hellas Brunswick Juventus
1963 Footscray-JUST Polonia
1964 South Melbourne-Hellas George Cross
1965 South Melbourne-Hellas George Cross
1966 South Melbourne-Hellas Slavia
1967 Melbourne Brunswick Juventus
1968 Croatia Polonia
1969 Footscray-JUST Brunswick Juventus
1970 Brunswick Juventus Melbourne
1971 Footscray-JUST South Melbourne-Hellas
1972 South Melbourne-Hellas George Cross
1973 Footscray-JUST George Cross
1974 South Melbourne-Hellas George Cross
1975 Fitzroy United [*] South Melbourne-Hellas
[*] aka Alexander
1976 South Melbourne-Hellas Footscray-JUST
Formation of national league
1977 George Cross Prahran Slavia
1978 Croatia [+] Preston Makedonia
1979 Croatia [+] Frankston City
[+] aka Essendon Lions during these seasons?!
1980 Preston Makedonia Melbourne Croatia
1981 Green Gully Melbourne Croatia
1982 Green Gully Melbourne Croatia
1983 Green Gully Melbourne Croatia
1984 Morwell Falcons Maribrynong Polonia
1985 Croydon City Morwell Falcons
1986 Croydon City Frankston Pines
Year Champions Runners-Up
1987 Maribrynong Polonia Green Gully
1988 Heidelberg United St. Albans
1989 Morwell Falcons Brunswick Juventus
1990 Heidelberg United Alexander
1991 Brunswick Juventus Bulleen
Year Champions Runners-Up Winners Regular Season
1992 North Geelong Brunswick Juventus North Geelong
1993 Bulleen Fawkner Bulleen
1994 Preston Lions 3-1 Port Melbourne Sharks Preston Lions
1995 Altona Magic 3-2 Bulleen Lions Port Melbourne Sharks
1996 Altona Magic 3-3 Heidelberg United [5-3pen] Altona Magic
1997 Altona Magic 4-2 Bulleen Inter Altona Magic
1998 Bulleen Inter Kings 3-2 St. Albans Saints St. Albans Saints
1999 Green Gully Cavaliers
2000
2001 Port Melbourne Sharks
2002 Fawkner Blues
Year Champions 1946 Caledonian 1947 Caledonian 1948 North Perth 1949 Caledonian 1950 Perth City 1951 South Perth 1952 North Perth 1953 Azzurri 1954 Perth City 1955 North Perth 1956 North Perth 1957 Swan Athletic 1958 Tricolore Year Champions Runners-Up 1959 Azzurri Olympic Year Champions Runners-Up Winners Top-4 Cup 1960 Azzurri Windmilles Azzurri 1961 Windmills Tricolore Tricolore 1962 Azzurri Tricolore Windmills 1963 Tricolore North Perth Azzurri 1964 Tricolore North Perth North Perth 1965 Tricolore Azzurri Swan Athletic 1966 Cracovia Azzurri Azzurri 1967 Azzurri Cracovia Azzurri 1968 Azzurri Kiev Kiev 1969 Azzurri Tricolore Tricolore 1970 Tricolore Azzurri Tricolore 1971 Azzurri Bayswater United Bayswater United 1972 Tricolore Bayswater United Azzurri 1973 Morley-Windmills Ascot Azzurri Year Champions Runners-Up 1974 Ascot Azzurri 1975 Azzurri Tricolore 1976 Azzurri Windmills Formation of national league 1977 Athena Kiev clubs required to include 'non-ethnic' part in their name 1978 Kingsway Olympic Spearwood Dalmatinac 1979 Spearwood Dalmatinac Kingsway Olympic 1980 Kingsway Olympic Spearwood Dalmatinac 1981 Perth Azzurri Forrestfield United 1982 Spearwood Dalmatinac East Fremantle Tricolore 1983 West Perth Macedonia Spearwood Dalmatinac 1984 West Perth Macedonia Spearwood Dalmatinac 1985 West Perth Macedonia Spearwood Dalmatinac 1986 Spearwood Dalmatinac Stirling Macedonia 1987 Stirling Macedonia Perth Azzurri 1988 Floreat Athena North Perth Croatia Year Champions Runners-Up Winners Regular Season 1989 Perth Italia 1-0 Floreat Athena Floreat Athena 1990 Perth Italia 4-2 Stirling Macedonia Floreat Athena 1991 Perth Italia 1-0 Floreat Athena Floreat Athena Year Champions Runners-Up 1992 Perth Italia Stirling Macedonia 1993 Perth Italia Floreat Athena 1994 Stirling Macedonia Inglewood Kiev 1995 Stirling Macedonia Inglewood Falcons 1996 Inglewood Falcons Stirling Macedonia 1997 Floreat Athena Fremantle City Year Champions Runners-Up Winners Regular Season 1998 Western Knights 3-1 Sorrento Western Knights Year Champions Runners-Up 1999 ECU Joondalup Sorrento 2000 Fremantle City Western Knights 2001 Sorrento Perth 2002 Perth Floreat Athena
Sources included: Thomas' Australian Soccer Page, Western Australia Soccer Page, [iff]
With thanks to Thomas Esamie (algor@zeta.org.au), Andrew Howe (ahowe@adam.com.au), John Punshon, Greg Stock (gregstock@optusnet.com.au), Western Australian Soccer Page (jacob@iinet.net.au) and Hans Schöggl (hans.schoeggl@sbg.ac.at)
Prepared and maintained by Peter Kungler for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Author: Peter Kungler
(peter dot kungler at roche dot com)
Last updated: 27 Jun 2007
(C) Copyright Peter Kungler and RSSSF 2003/07
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper
acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.